The Car Hackers Handbook. A Guide for the Penetration Tester. Craig Smith. San Francisco. THE CAR HACKERS HANDBOOK. Copyright 2. 01. Craig Smith. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN 1. 0 1 5. ISBN 1. Publisher William Pollock. Production Editor Laurel Chun. Cover Illustration Garry Booth. Interior Design Octopod Studios. Developmental Editors Liz Chadwick and William Pollock. Technical Reviewer Eric Evenchick. Copyeditor Julianne Jigour. Compositor Laurel Chun. Earnings statements provide detailed information about your pay, benefits, deductions, and leave accrual. You can find PDF versions of your earnings statements in. Sales taxes in the United States are taxes placed on the sale or lease of goods and services in the United States. In the United States, sales tax is governed at the. Startups news from the, including the latest news, articles, quotes, blog posts, photos, video and more. Allahabad Bank Rtgs Form there. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. THE CAR HACKERS HANDBOOK. A Guide for the Penetration Tester. Craig Smith. Texas public record databases. Use our free handpicked collection to verify licenses, find court records, corporations, deeds, property, and more. Surah Rehman Qari Abdul Basit Mp3 With Urdu Translation on this page. Brownfreq worrisome worry worryworryin worrying worse worsened worsens worship worshiped worshipful worshiping worshipped worshippers worshipping worst worstmarked. XOM Exxon Mobil Corp GE General Electric Com. MSFT Microsoft Corporatio. C Citigroup, Inc. BAC Bank Of America Corp. BP Bp Plc HBC HSBC Hldgs Plc PG. MSN Money is the hub for your financial life. Be informed and ahead with our realtime stock quotes, deep tools and calculators, and breaking news and. Proofreader James Fraleigh. Indexer BIM Indexing Proofreading Services. The following code and images are reproduced with permission Figures 5 3 and 5 7 Jan Niklas Meier Figures 6 1. Matt Wallace Figures 8 6, 8 7, 8 8, and 8 2. New. AE Technology Inc. Brute forcing keypad entry code on pages 2. Peter Boothe Figures 1. A 6 Jared Gould and Paul Brunckhorst Figures A 1 and A 2 SECONS Ltd., http www. Figure A 4 Collin Kidder and EVTV Motor Werks. All data within License Lookup is maintained by the State of Connecticut, updated instantly, and considered a primary source of verification. For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. No Starch Press, Inc. Street, San Francisco, CA 9. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Names Smith, Craig Reverse engineer, author. Title The car hackers handbook a guide for the penetration tester by Craig Smith. Description San Francisco No Starch Press, 2. Includes index. Identifiers LCCN 2. ISBN 9. 78. 15. 93. ISBN 1. 59. 32. 77. Subjects LCSH Automotive computers Security measures Handbooks, manuals,     etc. Automobiles Performance Handbooks, manuals, etc. Automobiles Customizing Handbooks, manuals, etc. Penetration testing     Computer security Handbooks, manuals, etc. Automobiles Vandalism Prevention Handbooks, manuals, etc. Classification LCC TL2. S6. 5 2. 01. 6 DDC 6. LC record available at http lccn. No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The information in this book is distributed on an As Is basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. About the Author. Craig Smith craigtheialabs. Theia Labs, a security research firm that focuses on security auditing and building hardware and software prototypes. He is also one of the founders of the Hive. Hackerspace and Open Garages Open. Garages. He has worked for several auto manufacturers, where he provided public research on vehicle security and tools. His specialties are reverse engineering and penetration testing. This book is largely a product of Open Garages and Craigs desire to get people up to speed on auditing their vehicles. About the Contributing Author. Dave Blundell accelbydavegmail. Moates. net, a small company specializing in pre OBD ECU modification tools. He has worked in the aftermarket engine management sphere for the past few years, doing everything from reverse engineering to dyno tuning cars. He also does aftermarket vehicle calibration on a freelance basis. About the Technical Reviewer. Eric Evenchick is an embedded systems developer with a focus on security and automotive systems. While studying electrical engineering at the University of Waterloo, he worked with the University of Waterloo Alternative Fuels Team to design and build a hydrogen electric vehicle for the Eco. CAR Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition. Currently, he is a vehicle security architect for Faraday Future and a contributor to Hackaday. He does not own a car. FOREWORDThe world needs more hackers, and the world definitely needs more car hackers. Vehicle technology is trending toward more complexity and more connectivity. Combined, these trends will require a greater focus on automotive security and more talented individuals to provide this focus. But what is a hacker The term is widely corrupted by the mainstream media, but correct use of the term hacker refers to someone who creates, who explores, who tinkerssomeone who discovers by the art of experimentation and by disassembling systems to understand how they work. In my experience, the best security professionals and hobbyists are those who are naturally curious about how things work. These people explore, tinker, experiment, and disassemble, sometimes just for the joy of discovery. These people hack. A car can be a daunting hacking target. Most cars dont come with a keyboard and login prompt, but they do come with a possibly unfamiliar array of protocols, CPUs, connectors, and operating systems. This book will demystify the common components in cars and introduce you to readily available tools and information to help get you started. By the time youve finished reading the book, youll understand that a car is a collection of connected computersthere just happen to be wheels attached. Armed with appropriate tooling and information, youll have the confidence to get hacking. This book also contains many themes about openness. Were all safer when the systems we depend upon are inspectable, auditable, and documentedand this definitely includes cars. So Id encourage you to use the knowledge gained from this book to inspect, audit, and document. I look forward to reading about some of your discoveries Chris Evans scarybeastsJanuary 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThanks to the Open Garages community for contributing time, examples, and information that helped make this book possible. Thanks to the Electronic Frontier Foundation EFF for supporting the Right to Tinker and just generally being awesome. Thanks to Dave Blundell for contributing several chapters of this book, and to Colin OFlynn for making the Chip. Whisperer and letting me use his examples and illustrations. Finally, thanks to Eric Evenchick for single handedly reviewing all of the chapters of this book, and special thanks to No Starch Press for greatly improving the quality of my original ramblings. INTRODUCTIONIn 2. Open Garagesa group of people interested in sharing and collaborating on vehicle securityreleased the first Car Hackers Manual as course material for car hacking classes. The original book was designed to fit in a vehicles glove box and to cover the basics of car hacking in a one or two day class on auto security. Little did we know how much interest there would be in that that first book we had over 3. In fact, the books popularity shut down our Internet service provider twice and made them a bit unhappy with us. Its okay, they forgave us, which is good because I love my small ISP. Hi Speed. Span. netThe feedback from readers was mostly fantastic most of the criticism had to do with the fact that the manual was too short and didnt go into enough detail. This book aims to address those complaints. Sales taxes in the United States. This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. January 2. Sales taxes in the United States are taxes placed on the sale or lease of goods and services in the United States. In the United States, sales tax is governed at the state level and no national general sales tax exists. Forty five states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam impose general sales taxes that apply to the sale or lease of most goods and some services, and states also may levy selective sales taxes on the sale or lease of particular goods or services. States may also delegate to local governments the authority to impose additional general or selective sales taxes. Since January 2. 01. Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire and Oregon do not levy a statewide sales tax,1 while California has the highest state sales tax with a base rate of 7. Puerto Rico has a higher 1. April 2. 01. 6. 23 In some states such as California, counties and cities impose additional sales taxes, and total sales taxes can be over 1. Sales tax is calculated by multiplying the purchase price by the applicable tax rate. Tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction and range from less than 1 to over 1. Sales tax is collected by the seller at the time of sale. Use tax is self assessed by a buyer who has not paid sales tax on a taxable purchase. Unlike the value added tax, a sales tax is imposed only at the retail level. In cases where items are sold at retail more than once, such as used cars, the sales tax can be charged on the same item indefinitely. The definition of retail sales and what goods and services are taxable vary among the states. Nearly all jurisdictions provide numerous categories of goods and services that are exempt from sales tax, or taxed at reduced rates. The purchase of goods for further manufacture or for resale is uniformly exempt from sales tax. Most jurisdictions exempt food sold in grocery stores, prescription medications, and many agricultural supplies. Sales taxes, including those imposed by local governments, are generally administered at the state level. States imposing sales tax either impose the tax on retail sellers, such as with Transaction Privilege Tax in Arizona4, or impose it on retail buyers and require sellers to collect it. In either case, the seller files returns and remits the tax to the state. In states where the tax is on the seller, it is customary for the seller to demand reimbursement from the buyer. Procedural rules vary widely. Sellers generally must collect tax from in state purchasers unless the purchaser provides an exemption certificate. Most states allow or require electronic remittance. Taxable itemsedit. The average effective sales tax for different income groups of the combined 5. States 2. 00. 7. The effective tax shown is calculated using a microsimulation model based on the 1. Public Use Microdata Sample of census records and statistical data from the Internal Revenue Service for undisclosed years. Sales taxes are imposed only on taxable transfers of goods or services. The tax is computed as the tax rate times the taxable transaction value. Rates vary by state, and by locality within a state. Not all types of transfers are taxable. The tax may be imposed on sales to consumers and to businesses. Taxable saleseditTransfers of tangible personal property for cash or the promise to pay cash sales are often subject to sales tax, with exceptions. Sales tax does not apply to transfers of real property, though some states impose a real estate transfer or documentary tax on such transfers. All states provide some exemptions from sales tax for wholesale sales, that is, sales for resale. However, some states tax sales for resale through vending machines. Purchases of gift cards are not subject to sales tax in all states. These purchases are considered to be similar to exchange of cash. The sales tax will be charged when gift cards are used as a method of payment for taxable goods or services. There was a proposal in New York State to impose a sales tax when a gift card is purchased instead of imposing it when the card is used, but it failed. Most states also exempt bulk sales, such as sales of an entire business. Most states exempt from sales tax goods purchased for use as ingredients or parts in further manufacturing. Buyers in exempt sales must follow certain procedures or face tax. Sales to businesses and to consumers are generally taxed the same, except as noted in the preceding paragraph. Businesses receive no offset to sales tax collection and payment obligations for their own purchases. This differs significantly from value added taxes. The place and manner of sale may affect whether a sale of particular goods is taxable. Many states tax food for consumption on premises but not food sold for off premises consumption. The use to which goods are put may also affect whether the sale is subject to tax. Goods used as ingredients in manufacturing may avoid tax, where the same goods used as supplies may not. RentalseditMany states tax rental of tangible personal property. Often the tax is not dependent on the use to which the property will be put. Only Florida charges sales tax on the rental of commercial real estate. Exempt organizationseditMany states exempt charitable, religious, and certain other organizations from sales or use taxes on goods purchased for the organizations use. Generally such exemption does not apply to a trade or business conducted by the organization. Use taxeditThe states imposing sales taxes also impose a similar tax on buyers of taxable property or services in those cases where sales tax is not paid. Use taxes are functionally equivalent to sales taxes. The sales and use taxes, taken together, provide a uniform tax upon either the sale or the use of all tangible personal property irrespective of where it may be purchased. Some states permit offset of sales taxes paid in other states on the purchased goods against use tax in the taxpayers state. Taxable valueeditThe amount subject to sales tax is generally the net sales price. Such price is generally after any applicable discounts. Some states exempt a portion of sales or purchase price from tax for some classes of goods. Taxable goodsedit. The composition of state and local tax revenues by sales taxes brown, property taxes white, licenses and other fees grey, individual and corporate income taxes green in 2. No state imposes sales tax on all types of goods. State laws vary widely as to what goods are subject to tax. Food for preparation and consumption in the home is often not taxable2. By contrast, restaurant meals are often taxed. Many states provide exemptions for some specific types of goods and not for other types. Certain types of foods may be exempt, and certain types taxable, even when sold in a grocery store for home consumption. Lists of what goods are taxable and what are not may be voluminous. ServiceseditMost states tax some services, and some states tax many services. However, taxation of services is the exception rather than the rule. Few states tax the services of a doctor, dentist, or attorney. Services performed in connection with sale of tangible personal property are often taxed. Most states, however, tax services that are an integral part of producing goods, such as printing or cabinet making.